Dataset for the preprint: "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich"
2024-08-05, 2024-08-05
dataset
dataset
dataset
Open
Dataset supporting the submission of the manuscript titled "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich" to the to the international journal "Biogeosciences".
Meteorological data
Hourly aggregated meteorological dataset for the urban area of Zurich, originating from two urban stations: Kaserne (8°32'/47°23'), which is a station of the Swiss national air pollution monitoring network NABEL, and Hardau II (8°30'/47°23'), which is a station established for the ICOS-Cities project. Zurich Kaserne is located in a large courtyard. Wind and global radiation are measured on top of a four-storey building. Wind is measured at 35 m and global radiation at 27 m above ground. Hardau II station is established on the top of a high-rise building (110 m a.g.l.). Meteorological observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.
Data format: comma separated values (csv)
Time step: 60 min (aggregated)
Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated period
Period: 01/2022–09/2023
Monthly mean atmospheric CO2 concentration data derived from the ICOS-Cities Hardau II station (07/2022–09/2023) and the Beromunster station (11/2012–02/2022). Observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.
Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.
Data format: comma separated values (csv)
Time step: Monthly (mean)
Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd
Period: 11/2012–09/2023
Variable
Acronym
Units
Height above ground
Location
Geographic location
Global radiation
G
W m-2
27 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Air temperature
Tair
Degrees Celsius
2 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Relative humidity
RH
%
2 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Air pressure
P
hPa
2 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Wind speed
u
m s-1
35 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Precipitation
R
mm
2 m
Kaserne
8°32'/47°23'
Downward longwave radiation
LW
W m-2
110 m
Hardau II, ERA-5
8°30'/47°23'
Soil temperature
Tsoil
Degrees Celsius
-0.15 m
Parks
-
Soil water content
SWC
m3 m-3
-0.15 m
Parks
-
Atmospheric CO2 concentration
CO2
ppmv
2 m
Hardau II, Beromunster, ERA-5
8°30'/47°23', 8°10'/47°11
In-situ ecophysiological data
In-situ ecophysiology measurements performed on park trees and lawns in the city of Zurich during the ICOS-Cities project.
LAI (leaf area index) was measured in dense Platanus sp. tree stands, found only in Bullingerhof and Hardaupark, during sunny conditions using a ceptometer (SS1 SunScan, Delta-T Devices).
Sap flow was measured at six trees (Platanus sp., Tilia sp.), at Bullingerhof, Hardaupark and Fritschiwiese, with heat pulse sap flow sensors (3 x 3 cm probes, Implexx Sense), providing continuous measurements at 10-min sampling intervals. Daily aggregated sap flux densities (cm3 cm−2 d−1) were calculated from the 10-min data using the sensor inner thermistors, averaged for the six sampled trees.
Soil and grass respiration were measured using a portable CO2 soil efflux system equipped with a 20 cm diameter survey chamber (LI-8200-01S, LI-COR Biosciences) and a CO2/H2O analyser (LI-870, LI-COR Biosciences). The observations originate from a total of 10 soil collars (Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese, Heiligfeld) separated to undisturbed grass collars (Reco, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and collars where the aboveground grass was clipped (Rsoil, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1).
Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.
Data format: comma separated values (csv)
Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd
Period: 04/2022–09/2023
Land cover map
Land cover map of part of Zurich urban area. Datasets used to derive this map:
· Land Use Cadastre of the Canton of Zurich (https://www.geolion.zh.ch/geodatensatz/show?gdsid=443)
· Urban Atlas (https://doi.org/10.2909/fb4dffa1-6ceb-4cc0-8372-1ed354c285e6)
· Vegetation Height Model (VHM) from the Swiss federal forest inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/vegetationshohenmodell-lfi)
· Forest Mixture from the Swiss Federal Forest Inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/waldmischungsgrad-lfi)
Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.
Data specifications:
CRS: EPSG:32632 - WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N - Projected
Spatial Extent: 461972.1, 5246490.4 : 463972.1, 5248490.4
Temporal Extent: 2023
Units: meters
Width: 2000
Height: 2000
Bands: 1
Pixel Size: 1,-1
Data type: Float32 - Thirty two bit floating point
GDAL Driver Description: GTiff
GDAL Driver Metadata: GeoTIFF
Legend:
30 Grass
40 Crops
50 Paved
60 Buildings
70 Deciduous trees
80 Water
CO2 fluxes
Hourly mean CO2 fluxes estimated by the models diFUME, JSBACH, SUEWS and VPRM for the trees and lawns of the Zurich urban parks: Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese and Heiligfeld. GPP stands for gross primary productivity, Reco for ecosystem respiration and NEE for net ecosystem exchange. All fluxes are in units: μmol CO2 m-2 s-1.
The parameter sets used by each model are presented in the Tables below. Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.
Parameters used by diFUME model
Parameter
Value
Units
Description
A_max
15
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1
maximum leaf gross photosynthetic rate
a
0.045
mol CO2 mol-1 PAR
quantum yield for CO2 assimilation
a_1
25
N/A
empirical coefficient in Leuning (1995) model
b_
0.65
N/A
empirical coefficient in β-factor formula
b_1
5
N/A
empirical coefficient
D_o
0.3
kPa
empirically determined coefficient for the VPD scalar inside Leuning (1995) model
D_sc
1
N/A
daylight scalar for dark respiration inhibition during day (1: no inhibition)
E_0
487.75
K
temperature sensitivity parameter for soil respiration
g_o
0.01
mol CO2 m-2 s-1
residual stomatal conductance for CO2 (g_s when Anet = 0, PAR = 0).
Q_10
1.85
N/A
temperature sensitivity of leaf respiration
R_(l,ref)
1.53
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1
reference leaf respiration at Tair = 25 °C
R_(S,ref)
2.49
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1
reference soil respiration at Tsoil = 10 °C
T_opt
23
°C
optimum air temperature for gross photosynthesis
T_0
-46
°C
low-temperature limit for soil respiration
T_(ref,S)
10
°C
reference soil temperature for soil respiration
T_(ref,l)
25
°C
reference air temperature for leaf respiration
W
10
°C
width of the bell-shape curve at f(T_air ) = 0.5
θ_ref
0.4
m3 m-3
saturated soil volumetric water content
θ_g
0.1
m3 m-3
minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to stomatal conductance
θ_0
0.04
m3 m-3
minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to soil respiration
Parameters used by JSBACH model
Parameter
Trees
Lawn
Units
Description
J_max
104.5
148.6
μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1
Maximum electron transport rate at 25 °C
T_alt
4.0–4.5
°C
Alternation temperature
θ_cap
0.32– 0.39
0.32– 0.34
m m-1
Volumetric soil field capacity
θ_pwp
0.13– 0.21
0.135–0.165
m m-1
Volumetric wilting point
V_max
55.0
78.2
μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1
Maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °C
z_root
0.5
0.12
m
Root depth
CC
1.25
1.25
N/A
Relative cost to produce one carbon
f_faeces
0.3
0.3
N/A
Fraction of carbon from herbivore faeces that goes into the green litter pool
f_leaf
0.4
0.4
N/A
A fixed fraction of canopy maintenance respiration that makes up the dark respiration
k
0.1
0.09
N/A
LAI growth rate during growth phase
LAI_max
3.6–4.1
3.0
m2 m-2
Maximum leaf area index
p
veg:
0.004
rest:
0.1
growth:
0.1
dry:
0.015
N/A
LAI shedding rate (trees: vegetative and rest phase; grass: growth and dry season)
r_d
0.605
0.8602
μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1
Dark respiration at 25 °C, fraction of Vmax
Parameters used by SUEWS model
Parameter
Trees
Lawn
Units
Description
f_i
0.21
0.18
N/A
Fraction of each vegetation type i
F_(pho,max,i)
8.3
8.92
μmol m-2 s-1
Maximum potential photosynthesis
LAI_(max,i)
4.8
3
m2 m-2
Full leaf-on summertime value
LAI_(min,i)
0.66
1.6
m2 m-2
Leaf-off wintertime value
T_L
-10
-10
°C
Lower air temperature limit
T_H
55
55
°C
Upper air temperature limit
G_5
30
30
°C
Parameter related to temperature dependence
G_3
0.66
0.538
N/A
Parameter related to VPD dependence
G_4
0.89
0.87
N/A
Parameter related to VPD dependence
G_6
0.36
0.55
mm-1
Parameter related to soil moisture dependence
G_2
477
263.5
W m-2
Parameter related to dependence
Δθ_WP
132.5
143
mm
Wilting point deficit
K_(↓max)
1200
1200
W m-2
Maximum incoming shortwave radiation
a_i
0.78
1.7
N/A
Empirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficient
b_i
0.08
0.06
N/A
Empirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficient
ω_(1,GDD,i)
0.04
0.04
N/A
Parameter for LAI calculation
ω_(2,GDD,i)
0.0005
0.0005
N/A
Parameter for LAI calculation
ω_(1,SDD,i)
-1.5
-1.5
N/A
Parameter for LAI calculation
ω_(1,SDD,i)
0.0025
0.0025
N/A
Parameter for LAI calculation
GDD
300
300
days
The growing degree days (GDD) needed for full capacity of the leaf area index
SDD
-300
-300
days
The senescence degree days (SDD) needed to initiate leaf off
T_(base,GDD)
5
5
°C
Base Temperature for initiating growing degree days (GDD) for leaf growth
T_(base,SDD)
10
10
°C
Base temperature for initiating senescence degree days (SDD) for leaf off
Parameters used by VPRM model
Parameter
Trees
Lawn
Units
Description
λ
-0.16
-0.13
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1
light use efficiency
PAR_0
356.99
545.61
μmol m-2 s-1
half-saturation value
α
0.22
0.40
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 /0C
empirical coefficient
β
1.09
0.42
μmol CO2 m-2 s-1
empirical coefficient
T_max
40
40
°C
maximum temperature for photosynthesis
T_min
0
2
°C
minimum temperature for photosynthesis
T_opt
20
18
°C
optimal temperature for photosynthesis
T_low
0
0
°C
to account for the persistence of soil respiration in winter
Data format: comma separated values (csv)
Time step: 60 min (aggregated)
Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated period
Period: 01/2022–09/2023